What is celiac disease primarily characterized by?

Celiac disease is primarily characterized by malabsorption and gluten intolerance. This autoimmune disorder occurs when the ingestion of gluten—a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye—triggers an abnormal immune response that damages the villi in the small intestine. The damaged villi are less effective at absorbing nutrients, leading to malabsorption. This malabsorption can cause a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain, as well as nutrient deficiencies that can manifest as weight loss, fatigue, and other systemic health issues.

The focus on gluten intolerance is crucial because individuals with celiac disease must adhere to a strict gluten-free diet to prevent adverse reactions and promote intestinal healing. Understanding this key aspect of celiac disease helps clarify how the condition disrupts the typical digestive process and nutrition absorption.